The Vine 練習問題①（英語版）

• Since the researchers aim to  create new grape varieties which suite to the regions’ conditions such as climates and soils, they can generate the vines which contribute to the productivities as well as their qualities.
• It is costly to produce the new varieties and no one can tell wether the new varieties really suites to that region.

• Cloning is to create a genetically identical copy of a parent plant.
• The clone will have the same characters as the parent.

A crossing is to create new variety from two parents of same species. 

• Hybrid is a vine that created from two parents of different species. 
• Typically it is between Vitis Vinifera and American Vitis species. 
• Not common to produce grapes. Vidal in Canada is exception.
• Common to make Hybrid grape for root stock. 
• The root stock that from at least one American Vitis may have resistance to Phylloxera, nematodes.
• Some hybrid root stock have resistance to drought.

1

• Remove all plants from the vineyard and replant the new variety.
• It takes time, often it requires 3 years for vines to be productive. 
• It is very expensive. New root stocks and heads are needed.

2

• Head grafting. Cut the top of the vine, a new variety can be head grafted onto the old roots.
• The vine can produce grapes from the next growing season. 
• It is cheaper than replanting because the root stocks are not required. 
• The new variety can start life with an established root system.

• Bench grafting is a technique used to join a rootstock to a Vitis Vinifera variety.
• Short sections of cane from both the Vitis Vinifera variety and the rootstock variety are jointed together by machine. 
• Resistance to Phylloxera, nematodes, drought and so on.

• Layering takes place in the vineyard.
• A cane is bent down and a section of it is buried in the ground. 
• The cane tip points upward out of the ground.
• The buried section takes root.
• Once these roots are established, the cane linking the new growth and the original plant is cut.

• A cutting is a section of a vine shoot that is planted and grows as a new plant.
• This method is widely used in commercial nurseries selling vines to growers. 

• Buds form in the join between the leaf and the shoot.
• They can be described as embryonic shoots.
• Each buds contains in miniature all the structures that will become the shoot, leaves, flowers and tendrils the following year.
• Once formed, they mature inside their casing during growing season.